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This lesson covers how the processor communicates with peripheral devices — keyboards, displays, storage, sensors, and more. At A-Level you must understand I/O techniques, the role of device drivers, and how data is transferred between the CPU and peripherals.
Every peripheral device connects to the CPU through an I/O port managed by a device controller (or I/O controller). The device controller:
┌─────┐ ┌──────────────┐ ┌──────────────┐
│ CPU │ ──→ │ Device │ ──→ │ Peripheral │
│ │ ←── │ Controller │ ←── │ Device │
└─────┘ └──────────────┘ └──────────────┘
System Bus Device-specific signals
The CPU continuously checks (polls) the device's status register to see if data is available or if the device is ready.
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