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Every device on the Internet needs a unique IP address so that packets can be routed to the correct destination. At A-Level you must understand IPv4, IPv6, the concept of subnetting, and the difference between public and private addresses.
IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4) uses a 32-bit address, typically written in dotted-decimal notation — four decimal numbers (octets) separated by dots.
Example: 192.168.1.100
Binary: 11000000.10101000.00000001.01100100
An IPv4 address is divided into a network part (identifies the network) and a host part (identifies the specific device on that network).
The subnet mask determines which bits belong to the network part and which belong to the host part.
| IP Address | Subnet Mask | Network Part | Host Part |
|---|---|---|---|
| 192.168.1.100 | 255.255.255.0 | 192.168.1 | .100 |
| 10.0.0.50 | 255.0.0.0 | 10 | .0.0.50 |
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