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At A-Level you need to understand how web pages are constructed and served, the difference between client-side and server-side processing, and the roles of HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and server-side scripting languages.
HTML defines the structure and content of a web page using elements enclosed in tags.
| Concept | Detail |
|---|---|
| Tags | Keywords in angle brackets, usually in pairs: <p>...</p> |
| Elements | A complete tag with content: <h1>Title</h1> |
| Attributes | Extra information in the opening tag: <a href="url">Link</a> |
| DOM | The Document Object Model — the tree-like representation of the HTML that the browser builds |
| Tag | Purpose |
|---|---|
<html> | Root element of the page |
<head> | Metadata (title, linked stylesheets, scripts) |
<body> | Visible page content |
<h1> – <h6> | Headings (h1 = largest) |
<p> | Paragraph |
<a href="..."> | Hyperlink |
<img src="..."> | Image |
<div> | Generic container (block-level) |
<span> | Generic container (inline) |
<form> | User input form |
<table>, <tr>, <td> | Tables |
Forms allow users to submit data to the server:
<form action="/submit" method="POST">
<label for="name">Name:</label>
<input type="text" id="name" name="name">
<button type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>
CSS controls the visual presentation of HTML elements — colours, fonts, layout, spacing, and responsive design.
| Method | Description |
|---|---|
| Inline | Style attribute directly on an element: <p style="color: red;"> |
| Internal | <style> block in the <head> of the HTML document |
| External | A separate .css file linked with <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css"> (preferred) |
| Concept | Detail |
|---|---|
| Selectors | Target which elements to style (e.g. h1, .class, #id) |
| Properties | What to change (e.g. color, font-size, margin, padding) |
| Cascade | When multiple rules apply, specificity and order determine which wins |
| Responsive design | Using media queries to adapt layout to different screen sizes |
JavaScript is a programming language that runs in the browser and makes web pages interactive and dynamic.
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