Exception Handling

This lesson covers exception handling — the mechanism by which programs detect, report, and recover from runtime errors gracefully. Exception handling is essential for building robust software that does not crash unexpectedly when something goes wrong.

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What is an Exception?

An exception is an event that occurs during program execution that disrupts the normal flow of instructions. Exceptions are typically caused by:

Cause	Example
Invalid input	A user enters "abc" when a number is expected.
Division by zero	Attempting to divide by zero.
File not found	Trying to open a file that does not exist.
Index out of range	Accessing an array element beyond its bounds.
Type errors	Performing an operation on an incompatible data type.
Network errors	A connection to a server fails.

Without exception handling, any of these errors would cause the program to crash with an error message.

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Try-Except (Try-Catch) Blocks

Exception handling uses a structured approach with try, except (or catch in other languages), and optionally finally blocks.

Pseudocode