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This lesson provides an overview of the major programming paradigms — distinct approaches to structuring and writing programs. Understanding paradigms is essential for A-Level Computer Science, as you need to compare their characteristics, strengths, and appropriate use cases.
A programming paradigm is a fundamental style or approach to programming that provides a framework for thinking about and structuring code. Different paradigms suit different types of problems, and most modern languages support multiple paradigms.
| Paradigm | Core Idea |
|---|---|
| Procedural | Programs are sequences of instructions organised into procedures. |
| Object-Oriented (OOP) | Programs are organised around objects that combine data and behaviour. |
| Functional | Programs are built from pure functions without side effects. |
| Declarative | Programs describe what to compute, not how to compute it. |
| Event-driven | Programs respond to events such as user actions or messages. |
Procedural programming organises code into procedures (also called functions or subroutines) that operate on data. The program is a sequence of instructions that execute from top to bottom, with control structures (selection, iteration) and procedure calls.
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