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Graphology is the study of the visual features of texts — everything that contributes to the way a text looks on the page, screen, or in the physical world. While phonology focuses on how language sounds, graphology focuses on how language is presented visually. In an increasingly multimodal world, graphological analysis has become ever more important.
Graphology encompasses a wide range of visual features:
| Feature | Description |
|---|---|
| Typography | Font choice, size, weight (bold), italics, underlining, capitalisation |
| Layout | The spatial arrangement of text on a page or screen |
| Colour | The use of colour in text and background |
| Images | Photographs, illustrations, diagrams, icons |
| Paragraphing | The division of text into paragraphs; paragraph length |
| Headings and subheadings | Hierarchical organisation of content |
| Lists and bullet points | Visual structuring of information |
| Logos and branding | Visual identity markers associated with organisations |
| White space | The deliberate use of empty space around text and images |
| Borders and lines | Visual dividers that separate sections of a text |
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