Specification Map & Revision Checklist

This lesson provides a complete map of the AQA A-Level Geography specification, identifies required case studies, lists key theories and models by topic, highlights high-frequency topics from past papers, explains synoptic connection themes, and provides a structured revision checklist. Use this as your master reference for tracking revision progress and ensuring comprehensive preparation.

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Full AQA A-Level Geography Specification Map

The AQA A-Level Geography specification (7037) is divided into two main sections — Physical Geography and Human Geography — plus the NEA.

Paper 1: Physical Geography Topics

Spec Reference	Topic	Compulsory/Optional	Section
3.1.1	Water and Carbon Cycles	Compulsory	Section A
3.1.1.1	Water and carbon cycles as natural systems	Compulsory	A
3.1.1.2	The water cycle	Compulsory	A
3.1.1.3	The carbon cycle	Compulsory	A
3.1.1.4	Water, carbon, climate and life on Earth	Compulsory	A
3.1.2	Coastal Systems and Landscapes	Optional	Section B
3.1.2.1	Coasts as natural systems	Optional	B
3.1.2.2	Systems and processes	Optional	B
3.1.2.3	Coastal landscape development	Optional	B
3.1.2.4	Coastal management	Optional	B
3.1.3	Glacial Systems and Landscapes	Optional	Section B
3.1.3.1	Glaciers as natural systems	Optional	B
3.1.3.2	The nature and distribution of cold environments	Optional	B
3.1.3.3	Glacial systems and processes	Optional	B
3.1.3.4	Glaciated landscape development	Optional	B
3.1.3.5	Human impacts on cold environments	Optional	B
3.1.4	Hot Desert Systems and Landscapes	Optional	Section B
3.1.4.1	Deserts as natural systems	Optional	B
3.1.4.2	Systems and processes	Optional	B
3.1.4.3	Arid landscape development in contrasting settings	Optional	B
3.1.4.4	Desertification	Optional	B
3.1.5	Hazards	Compulsory	Section C
3.1.5.1	The concept of hazard in a geographical context	Compulsory	C
3.1.5.2	Plate tectonics	Compulsory	C
3.1.5.3	Volcanic hazards	Compulsory	C
3.1.5.4	Seismic hazards	Compulsory	C
3.1.5.5	Storm hazards	Compulsory	C
3.1.5.6	Fires in nature	Compulsory	C
3.1.5.7	Multi-hazard environments	Compulsory	C

Paper 2: Human Geography Topics

Spec Reference	Topic	Compulsory/Optional	Section
3.2.1	Global Systems and Global Governance	Compulsory	Section A
3.2.1.1	Globalisation	Compulsory	A
3.2.1.2	Global systems	Compulsory	A
3.2.1.3	International trade and access to markets	Compulsory	A
3.2.1.4	Global governance	Compulsory	A
3.2.1.5	The global commons	Compulsory	A
3.2.2	Changing Places	Compulsory	Section B
3.2.2.1	The nature and importance of places	Compulsory	B
3.2.2.2	Changing places — relationships, connections, meaning and identity	Compulsory	B
3.2.3	Contemporary Urban Environments	Optional	Section C
3.2.3.1	Urbanisation	Optional	C
3.2.3.2	Urban forms	Optional	C
3.2.3.3	Social and economic issues associated with urbanisation	Optional	C
3.2.3.4	Urban climate	Optional	C
3.2.3.5	Urban drainage	Optional	C
3.2.3.6	Urban waste and its disposal	Optional	C
3.2.3.7	Other contemporary urban environmental issues	Optional	C
3.2.3.8	Sustainable urban development	Optional	C
3.2.4	Population and the Environment	Optional	Section C
3.2.4.1	Introduction to population and the environment	Optional	C
3.2.4.2	Environment and population	Optional	C
3.2.4.3	Population change	Optional	C
3.2.4.4	Principles of population ecology and their application to human populations	Optional	C
3.2.4.5	Global population futures	Optional	C
3.2.5	Resource Security	Optional	Section C
3.2.5.1	Resource development	Optional	C
3.2.5.2	Natural resource issues	Optional	C
3.2.5.3	Water security	Optional	C
3.2.5.4	Energy security	Optional	C
3.2.5.5	Mineral security	Optional	C
3.2.5.6	Biological resources	Optional	C

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Paper 1 vs Paper 2: Topic Split with Options

graph TB
    A["AQA A-Level Geography (7037)"] --> B["Paper 1: Physical Geography (40%)"]
    A --> C["Paper 2: Human Geography (40%)"]
    A --> D["NEA: Independent Investigation (20%)"]
    B --> E["Compulsory: Water & Carbon Cycles"]
    B --> F["Optional: Coastal / Glacial / Hot Desert"]
    B --> G["Compulsory: Hazards"]
    C --> H["Compulsory: Global Systems & Governance"]
    C --> I["Compulsory: Changing Places"]
    C --> J["Optional: Urban / Population / Resources"]

Key Point: Your Exam Combination

Every AQA A-Level Geography student studies the same four compulsory topics plus two optional topics (one physical, one human):

Compulsory Topics (All Students)	Optional Choice 1 (Physical)	Optional Choice 2 (Human)
Water and Carbon Cycles	Coastal Systems and Landscapes	Contemporary Urban Environments
Hazards	Glacial Systems and Landscapes	Population and the Environment
Global Systems and Global Governance	Hot Desert Systems and Landscapes	Resource Security
Changing Places	—	—

Exam Tip: You only need to prepare for your two optional topics. However, making synoptic links to topics outside your options — if you have some knowledge of them — can be impressive, provided the links are genuine and relevant.

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Required Case Studies by Topic

AQA requires you to study specific case studies for each topic. The following table lists the case study requirements from the specification:

Paper 1 Case Studies

Topic	Required Case Studies
Water and Carbon Cycles	A river catchment at a local scale to illustrate and analyse the key concepts; a tropical rainforest setting to illustrate and analyse the key concepts
Coastal Systems (if studied)	A coastline at a local scale to illustrate the influence of geology; a case study of a coastal management scheme
Glacial Systems (if studied)	A glaciated landscape beyond the UK; contemporary and relict glaciated landscape in the UK
Hot Desert Systems (if studied)	A hot desert to illustrate and analyse key processes; case study of desertification
Hazards	Two contrasting volcanic events; two contrasting earthquake events; two contrasting tropical storm events; a multi-hazard environment beyond the UK

Paper 2 Case Studies

Topic	Required Case Studies
Global Systems and Global Governance	A study of a global common — AQA specifies Antarctica; the impacts of globalisation on at least one country
Changing Places	Two contrasting places — one local (your home area) and one contrasting distant place
Contemporary Urban Environments (if studied)	A major city in an advanced country; a major city in an emerging and developing country
Population and the Environment (if studied)	A case study of a country/region at the local or regional scale illustrating population and environment interaction; a global case study
Resource Security (if studied)	A case study of a resource conflict or management issue at a local and regional scale; a global case study

Exam Tip: Prepare each case study with a "data card" — a single sheet containing: location, date, key statistics, physical/human processes, impacts (social, economic, environmental), responses, and evaluation of responses. Review these data cards regularly using spaced repetition.

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Key Theories and Models by Topic

Physical Geography

Topic	Theory/Model	Key Idea
Water & Carbon Cycles	Systems Theory (open/closed systems, feedback loops)	Cycles operate as systems with inputs, outputs, stores, and transfers; positive feedback amplifies change, negative feedback restores equilibrium
Water & Carbon Cycles	Carbon Budget	Balance between carbon sources and sinks determines atmospheric CO₂ concentrations
Coastal Systems	Sediment Cell Model	The coastline is divided into self-contained sediment circulation units bounded by headlands
Coastal Systems	Hjulström Curve	Relationship between stream/wave velocity and sediment erosion, transport, and deposition
Coastal Systems	Subaerial and Marine Process Models	Weathering, mass movement, wave processes interact to shape coastal landscapes
Glacial Systems	Glacial Budget Model	Balance between accumulation and ablation determines glacier advance or retreat
Glacial Systems	Milankovitch Cycles	Orbital variations (eccentricity, axial tilt, precession) drive glacial–interglacial cycles
Hazards	Disaster Risk Equation	Risk = (Hazard × Vulnerability) / Capacity
Hazards	Pressure and Release (PAR) Model (Wisner et al.)	Disasters at intersection of natural hazards and social vulnerability
Hazards	Park Model	Human response curve: pre-disaster → event → decline → relief → rehabilitation → recovery
Hazards	Hazard Management Cycle	Mitigation → Preparedness → Response → Recovery

Human Geography

Topic	Theory/Model	Key Idea
Global Systems	Wallerstein's World Systems Theory	Core, semi-periphery, periphery structure of global economy
Global Systems	Dependency Theory (A.G. Frank)	Development of core depends on underdevelopment of periphery
Global Systems	Modernisation Theory (Rostow)	Five stages of economic growth from traditional to mass consumption
Changing Places	Massey's Power Geometry	Different social groups have different levels of mobility and access to globalisation
Changing Places	Relph's Concept of Placelessness	Globalisation creates identical places that lack distinctive character
Urban Environments	Burgess Concentric Zone Model	Urban land use in concentric rings from CBD
Urban Environments	Hoyt Sector Model	Land use arranged in sectors along transport routes
Urban Environments	Harris and Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model	Urban areas develop around multiple centres of activity
Urban Environments	New Urbanism	Planning movement emphasising walkable, mixed-use, compact urban design
Population	Demographic Transition Model	Five stages of population change linked to development
Population	Malthusian Theory	Population grows geometrically, food supply arithmetically — crisis inevitable
Population	Boserup's Theory	Population pressure drives agricultural innovation
Population	Epidemiological Transition Model	Disease patterns change as countries develop
Resource Security	Hubbert's Peak Oil Theory	Oil production follows a bell curve; finite resource will peak and decline
Resource Security	Tragedy of the Commons (Hardin)	Shared resources are overexploited when individuals act in self-interest

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High-Frequency Topics on Past Papers

Analysis of AQA A-Level Geography past papers reveals certain topics and question types that appear with high frequency. While you should prepare the entire specification, prioritising these areas can be strategically beneficial.

Paper 1: Most Frequently Examined Content