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This lesson examines global patterns of disease, the epidemiological transition model (Omran 1971), the distinction between communicable and non-communicable diseases, and the environmental determinants of health. Understanding the relationship between health outcomes and environmental, social, and economic factors is essential for AQA A-Level Geography Paper 2.
Before analysing patterns, it is important to understand how health is measured at population level:
| Indicator | Definition | Significance |
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy at birth | Average years a newborn is expected to live | Overall health and development indicator |
| Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) | Deaths under age 1 per 1,000 live births | Sensitive indicator of healthcare quality, nutrition, and sanitation |
| Under-5 Mortality Rate | Deaths under age 5 per 1,000 live births | Broader child health measure |
| Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) | Maternal deaths per 100,000 live births | Quality of reproductive healthcare |
| DALYs (Disability-Adjusted Life Years) | Years of healthy life lost to disease or disability | Captures burden of non-fatal conditions |
| Morbidity rate | Prevalence or incidence of disease | Measures illness, not just death |
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