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Mumbai is India's financial capital, its most populous city, and one of the world's great megacities. With a metropolitan population of approximately 20.4 million (2020), Mumbai encapsulates the opportunities and challenges of rapid urbanisation in an emerging economy — extraordinary wealth alongside extreme poverty, dynamic economic growth alongside environmental degradation, and ambitious infrastructure projects alongside vast informal settlements.
Key Definition: A megacity is a city with a population exceeding 10 million inhabitants. Mumbai crossed this threshold in the 1990s and continues to grow, though at a slower rate than in previous decades.
Mumbai is located on a narrow peninsula on the western coast of Maharashtra state. Its geography fundamentally shapes its urban challenges:
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