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Stalin's abandonment of the NEP in 1928 launched the most radical programme of economic transformation in modern history. The Five-Year Plans and collectivisation were designed to transform the Soviet Union from a backward agricultural country into an industrial superpower. They achieved remarkable industrial growth but at an appalling human cost, including the deaths of millions in the Ukrainian famine (Holodomor) and the destruction of traditional peasant society.
Several factors drove Stalin's decision to launch forced industrialisation:
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