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The introduction of the New Economic Policy (NEP) in March 1921 marked a dramatic shift in Bolshevik economic strategy. Lenin himself described it as 'one step back in order to take two steps forward' — a strategic retreat from War Communism designed to save the revolution from internal collapse. The NEP period also saw Lenin's declining health, his increasingly anxious reflections on the future of the revolution, and his death in January 1924 — an event that opened the most consequential power struggle in Soviet history.
By early 1921, the Soviet regime faced a comprehensive crisis:
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