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James II's brief reign and the "Glorious Revolution" that ended it represent one of the most significant constitutional turning points in English history. This lesson examines James's Catholic policies, the Monmouth Rebellion, the Trial of the Seven Bishops, and William of Orange's invasion — while analysing whether 1688 was truly a "revolution" and whether it was truly "glorious."
James succeeded on 6 February 1685 with the advantages of undisputed hereditary right, a loyalist Parliament, and the rapid defeat of Monmouth's rebellion.
| Aspect | Detail |
|---|---|
| Leader | James Scott, Duke of Monmouth — Charles II's illegitimate Protestant son |
| Battle of Sedgemoor | 6 July 1685 — the last pitched battle on English soil. Monmouth's forces routed. |
| Aftermath | Monmouth executed. "Bloody Assizes" under Judge Jeffreys: approximately 300 executed, 800 transported. |
James's determination to advance Catholicism systematically alienated his initial supporters:
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