Classical vs Modern Liberalism

This lesson examines the key differences between classical liberalism and modern liberalism — the two main traditions within liberal thought. Understanding this division is essential for the Edexcel A-Level Politics specification, as exam questions frequently require students to compare and contrast the two strands.

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Why Does Liberalism Have Two Strands?

The division reflects a fundamental disagreement about what freedom means and what the state should do:

• Classical liberalism (17th-18th centuries) emphasises negative liberty — freedom from interference.
• Modern liberalism (late 19th-20th centuries) emphasises positive liberty — freedom to achieve one's potential.

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Classical Liberalism

Core Beliefs

1. Negative liberty — freedom means the absence of external restraint.
2. Minimal state ("nightwatchman state") — protecting life, liberty, and property only.
3. Laissez-faire economics — free markets guided by the "invisible hand" (Adam Smith).
4. Self-reliance — individuals are rational and self-interested.
5. Natural rights — inherent rights (life, liberty, property) that precede the state (Locke).

Key Thinkers

John Locke (1632-1704): Natural rights, social contract, right to revolt. Two Treatises of Government (1689).

Adam Smith (1723-1790): Free markets, the "invisible hand," opposition to government intervention. The Wealth of Nations (1776).