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This lesson examines the key differences between classical liberalism and modern liberalism — the two main traditions within liberal thought. Understanding this division is essential for the Edexcel A-Level Politics specification, as exam questions frequently require students to compare and contrast the two strands.
The division reflects a fundamental disagreement about what freedom means and what the state should do:
John Locke (1632-1704): Natural rights, social contract, right to revolt. Two Treatises of Government (1689).
Adam Smith (1723-1790): Free markets, the "invisible hand," opposition to government intervention. The Wealth of Nations (1776).
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