Research Methods: Non-Experimental Methods

Not all research in psychology uses the experimental method. Many important questions cannot be answered through experiments — either because the variables cannot be manipulated, because the behaviour of interest occurs in natural settings, or because ethical constraints prevent experimental manipulation. Non-experimental methods include observations, self-report methods (questionnaires and interviews), correlations, and case studies. Each has distinctive strengths and limitations that psychologists must weigh when choosing a research design.

Key Definition: Non-experimental methods are research approaches that do not involve the direct manipulation of an independent variable. They are used to describe, measure, and explore relationships between variables without establishing causation.

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Observations

Observational research involves watching and recording behaviour as it occurs, either in natural or controlled settings.

Types of Observation