Types of Long-Term Memory

The Multi-Store Model treats long-term memory (LTM) as a single, unitary store. However, research has shown that LTM is actually composed of several distinct types, each with different characteristics, functions, and neural substrates. Endel Tulving (1985) proposed the most influential distinction, identifying three types of LTM: episodic, semantic, and procedural memory.

Key Definition: Long-term memory (LTM) is the permanent memory store that has potentially unlimited capacity and duration. It includes episodic, semantic, and procedural memory.

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Tulving's Three Types of LTM (1985)

1. Episodic Memory

Key Definition: Episodic memory refers to the ability to recall personal events and experiences from one's own life. These memories are "time-stamped" — they include information about when and where the event occurred, and the emotions associated with it.