The Problem of Evil and Suffering

The problem of evil is widely regarded as the most powerful challenge to theistic belief. If God is omnipotent (all-powerful), omniscient (all-knowing), and omnibenevolent (all-loving), why does evil and suffering exist? This question has provoked some of the most profound and anguished philosophical and theological reflection in the history of thought. This lesson examines the logical and evidential forms of the problem, the major theodicies (attempts to justify God in the face of evil), and the philosophical evaluations of each.

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The Logical Problem of Evil

Epicurus' Trilemma

The ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus (341–270 BCE) formulated the problem with devastating simplicity:

• If God is willing to prevent evil but unable — God is not omnipotent
• If God is able to prevent evil but unwilling — God is not omnibenevolent
• If God is both able and willing — why does evil exist?
• If God is neither able nor willing — why call God "God"?

Mackie's Logical Argument