Feminist Theories of Religion

Feminist sociologists argue that religion is a patriarchal institution that reflects, reinforces, and legitimates male domination over women. While functionalists see religion as benefiting society as a whole and Marxists see it as serving the ruling class, feminists contend that religion primarily serves the interests of men at the expense of women. However, contemporary feminist analysis also recognises that the relationship between religion and gender is more complex than simple oppression.

Key Definition: Patriarchy is a system of social structures and practices in which men dominate, exploit, and oppress women. Feminists argue that religion is a key institution through which patriarchy is maintained.

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Evidence of Patriarchy in Religion

Religious Organisations

Most major world religions have historically excluded women from positions of power and authority. The Catholic Church does not ordain women as priests or bishops. Orthodox Judaism does not permit women to become rabbis. In Islam, women cannot serve as imams leading mixed-gender prayer. Even in Protestant denominations that now ordain women (the Church of England permitted female bishops only in 2014), women remain significantly underrepresented in senior leadership positions.