Functionalism

Functionalism is a structural, macro-level, consensus theory of society. It views society as a system of interconnected parts that work together to maintain social order and stability. Functionalists argue that each social institution (the family, education, religion, the economy, the political system) performs essential functions that contribute to the well-being of society as a whole. Understanding functionalism is a core requirement of the AQA A-Level Sociology specification.

Key Definition: Functionalism is a sociological perspective that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability. It examines social institutions in terms of the positive functions they perform for the maintenance of the whole society.

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The Organic Analogy

Functionalists frequently compare society to a biological organism — this is known as the organic analogy. Just as the human body is made up of interdependent organs (the heart, lungs, liver, brain), each of which performs a vital function to keep the body alive and healthy, so society is composed of interdependent institutions, each performing functions necessary for social survival.