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This lesson covers acids, bases, the pH scale and indicators as required by the AQA GCSE Combined Science Trilogy specification (8464). You need to understand the definitions of acids and bases, how to measure pH, and identify substances as acidic, neutral or alkaline.
An acid is a substance that produces hydrogen ions (H⁺) when dissolved in water. It is the presence of H⁺ ions that gives all acidic solutions their properties.
| Acid | Formula | Source / Use |
|---|---|---|
| Hydrochloric acid | HCl | Stomach acid, cleaning |
| Sulfuric acid | H₂SO₄ | Car batteries, fertilisers |
| Nitric acid | HNO₃ | Making fertilisers, explosives |
| Citric acid | C₆H₈O₇ | Citrus fruits |
| Ethanoic acid | CH₃COOH | Vinegar |
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