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For much of the 20th century, biologists classified all living organisms into five kingdoms. However, advances in molecular biology — particularly the analysis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) — revealed that this system did not accurately reflect evolutionary relationships. This led to the development of the three-domain system. Understanding both systems, and why the change occurred, is essential for Edexcel A-Level Biology.
The five-kingdom system was proposed by Robert Whittaker in 1969. It classifies all living organisms into five kingdoms based primarily on cell structure, mode of nutrition, and body organisation.
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