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This lesson covers the principles and techniques of genetic engineering — the modification of an organism's genome by introducing genes from another organism — as required by the Edexcel A-Level Biology specification (9BI0, Topic 7).
Genetic engineering (also called genetic modification or recombinant DNA technology) involves isolating a gene from one organism and inserting it into the DNA of another organism. The organism that receives the foreign gene is called a transgenic organism or genetically modified organism (GMO).
The foreign gene is expressed in the host organism, which produces the protein encoded by the transferred gene. This is possible because the genetic code is universal — the same codons specify the same amino acids in all organisms.
The gene of interest can be obtained in several ways:
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