Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering is the process of modifying the genome of an organism by introducing a gene from a different organism. The resulting organism is called a genetically modified organism (GMO). In this lesson we cover the process, the tools involved, and key examples.

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What Is Genetic Engineering?

Genetic engineering involves taking a gene that codes for a desired characteristic from one organism and inserting it into the genome of a different organism. The receiving organism then expresses the new gene, producing the desired protein.

Unlike selective breeding, which works within a single species, genetic engineering can transfer genes between completely different species — for example, from a bacterium to a plant, or from a human to a bacterium.

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The Steps of Genetic Engineering

You must know these steps in the correct order for your exam:

Step 1: Identify the Desired Gene

Scientists identify the gene that codes for the desired characteristic. For example, the gene for human insulin, or the gene from Bacillus thuringiensis that produces a natural insecticide.

Step 2: Cut Out the Gene Using Restriction Enzymes