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This lesson covers protein synthesis — the process by which cells use the genetic code in DNA to produce proteins — as required by the Edexcel GCSE Combined Science specification (1SC0). You need to understand transcription, translation and the roles of mRNA, codons, ribosomes and amino acids.
Proteins are essential molecules that carry out a huge range of functions in the body:
| Protein type | Example | Function |
|---|---|---|
| Enzymes | Amylase, protease | Speed up chemical reactions (biological catalysts) |
| Structural | Collagen, keratin | Provide support and strength in tissues |
| Hormones | Insulin, growth hormone | Chemical messengers that control body processes |
| Antibodies | Immunoglobulins | Defend the body against pathogens |
| Transport | Haemoglobin | Carry substances around the body |
Each protein is made of a specific sequence of amino acids joined together. There are 20 different amino acids used to make proteins in the human body.
Exam Tip: Enzymes, hormones and antibodies are all proteins. If the exam asks for examples of proteins, these are safe choices.
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