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Beyond tenses, GCSE French requires confident use of adjective agreement, pronouns, negatives, question forms, prepositions, connectives and complex structures. Mastering these will elevate your accuracy and demonstrate the grammatical range that examiners reward with the highest marks.
In French, adjectives must agree in gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) with the noun they describe. This is one of the most frequently tested grammar points.
| Pattern | Masculine singular | Feminine singular | Masculine plural | Feminine plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regular | petit | petite | petits | petites |
| Already ends in -e | timide | timide | timides | timides |
| Ending in -eux | heureux | heureuse | heureux | heureuses |
| Ending in -if | sportif | sportive | sportifs | sportives |
| Ending in -er | premier | première | premiers | premières |
| Ending in -el | naturel | naturelle | naturels | naturelles |
| Ending in -on | bon | bonne | bons | bonnes |
| Ending in -en | ancien | ancienne | anciens | anciennes |
| Ending in -et | violet | violette | violets | violettes |
These three adjectives have five different forms each, including a special masculine form used before a vowel or silent h.
| Masculine singular | Masculine before vowel/h | Feminine singular | Masculine plural | Feminine plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| beautiful | beau | bel | belle | beaux | belles |
| new | nouveau | nouvel | nouvelle | nouveaux | nouvelles |
| old | vieux | vieil | vieille | vieux | vieilles |
Other important irregular adjectives:
| Masculine | Feminine | English |
|---|---|---|
| blanc | blanche | white |
| long | longue | long |
| gros | grosse | fat / big |
| gentil | gentille | kind |
| favori | favorite | favourite |
| frais | fraîche | fresh / cool |
| sec | sèche | dry |
| doux | douce | soft / sweet |
| faux | fausse | false |
| public | publique | public |
Most French adjectives go after the noun: un livre intéressant (an interesting book), une voiture rouge (a red car).
However, a group of common adjectives go before the noun. Remember them with the BANGS mnemonic:
| Letter | Category | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| B | Beauty | beau/belle, joli(e) |
| A | Age | jeune, vieux/vieille, nouveau/nouvelle |
| N | Number | premier/première, deuxième, dernier/dernière |
| G | Goodness | bon(ne), mauvais(e), gentil(le), meilleur(e) |
| S | Size | grand(e), petit(e), gros(se), long(ue), court(e) |
Exam tip: Some adjectives change meaning depending on position. Un homme grand = a tall man, but un grand homme = a great man. Mon ancienne école = my former school, but une école ancienne = an old/ancient school. Examiners love to test this.
| French | English |
|---|---|
| je | I |
| tu | you (informal) |
| il / elle / on | he / she / one (we) |
| nous | we |
| vous | you (formal / plural) |
| ils / elles | they (m. / f.) |
On is very commonly used in spoken and written French to mean "we" informally: On va au cinéma = We are going to the cinema.
Direct object pronouns replace the direct object of the verb — the thing being acted upon directly.
| Pronoun | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| me / m' | me | Il me voit. (He sees me.) |
| te / t' | you | Je te comprends. (I understand you.) |
| le / l' | him / it (m.) | Je le mange. (I eat it.) |
| la / l' | her / it (f.) | Je la regarde. (I watch her/it.) |
| nous | us | Elle nous invite. (She invites us.) |
| vous | you | Je vous attends. (I'm waiting for you.) |
| les | them | Je les adore. (I love them.) |
Position: Before the conjugated verb; before the auxiliary in compound tenses.
Indirect object pronouns replace the person to whom or for whom something is done.
| Pronoun | Meaning |
|---|---|
| me / m' | to me |
| te / t' | to you |
| lui | to him / to her |
| nous | to us |
| vous | to you |
| leur | to them |
Used with reflexive verbs (se lever, se coucher, s'amuser, etc.).
| Subject | Reflexive pronoun | Example |
|---|---|---|
| je | me / m' | Je me lève à sept heures. |
| tu | te / t' | Tu te couches tard. |
| il/elle/on | se / s' | Elle **s'**amuse bien. |
| nous | nous | Nous nous habillons vite. |
| vous | vous | Vous vous reposez. |
| ils/elles | se / s' | Ils se disputent souvent. |
Y replaces a place (introduced by à, en, dans, sur, chez) — think of it as "there":
En replaces a quantity or something introduced by de — think of it as "some / of it / of them":
Exam tip: Using y and en correctly is a strong indicator of higher-level French. Even one sentence with y or en in your writing will impress the examiner.
Negative structures in French wrap around the conjugated verb (or the auxiliary in compound tenses).
| Structure | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ne … pas | not | Je ne mange pas de viande. |
| ne … jamais | never | Je ne suis jamais allé(e) en Espagne. |
| ne … rien | nothing | Je ne fais rien ce soir. |
| ne … plus | no longer / no more | Je ne joue plus au football. |
| ne … personne | nobody | Je ne vois personne. |
| ne … que | only | Je **n'**ai que cinq euros. |
| ne … ni … ni | neither … nor | Je **n'**aime ni le thé ni le café. |
| ne … aucun(e) | not a single / no | Il **n'**y a aucun problème. |
The negative wraps around the auxiliary (avoir/être):
Exception: personne comes after the past participle: Je n'ai vu personne. (I saw nobody.)
Both parts of the negative go before the infinitive:
Il préfère ne pas sortir. — He prefers not to go out.
Je décide de ne rien dire. — I decide to say nothing.
Je ne regarde plus la télévision parce que c'est une perte de temps. — I no longer watch television because it is a waste of time.
Il n'y a ni piscine ni cinéma dans mon village. — There is neither a swimming pool nor a cinema in my village.
On ne peut rien faire le dimanche ici. — You can't do anything here on Sundays.
Exam tip: Using negatives beyond ne…pas (such as ne…jamais, ne…rien, ne…plus) demonstrates grammatical range and will boost your mark. Try to include at least two different negative forms in every extended piece of writing.
There are three main ways to form questions in French:
Simply raise your voice at the end of a statement:
Add est-ce que before a statement:
Swap the subject pronoun and verb, adding a hyphen:
| French | English | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Qui ? | Who? | Qui est-ce ? (Who is it?) |
| Que / Qu'est-ce que ? | What? | Qu'est-ce que tu fais ? (What are you doing?) |
| Quand ? | When? | Quand est-ce qu'on part ? (When are we leaving?) |
| Où ? | Where? | Où habites-tu ? (Where do you live?) |
| Comment ? | How? | Comment vas-tu ? (How are you?) |
| Pourquoi ? | Why? | Pourquoi étudies-tu le français ? (Why do you study French?) |
| Combien (de) ? | How much / how many? | Combien ça coûte ? (How much does it cost?) |
| Quel(le)(s) ? | Which / what? | Quelle heure est-il ? (What time is it?) |
Quel agrees with the noun it modifies:
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Masculine | quel | quels |
| Feminine | quelle | quelles |
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