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The Gulf War, the War on Terror, and the conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq shaped the first decade of the twenty-first century and continue to influence global politics today. This final lesson evaluates the lasting legacy of these conflicts, drawing together the key themes of the course.
The conflicts covered in this course caused immense human suffering.
| Conflict | Military Deaths | Civilian Deaths | Refugees/Displaced |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gulf War (1991) | ~292 coalition; ~20,000–35,000 Iraqi | ~2,000–3,000 | ~1.5 million Kurds |
| Afghanistan (2001–2014) | ~3,500 coalition (inc. 2,400 US, 456 UK) | ~26,000+ | ~2.6 million |
| Iraq War (2003–2011) | ~4,800 coalition (inc. 4,500 US, 179 UK) | Estimated 100,000–600,000+ (figures highly disputed) | ~4.7 million displaced |
Exam Tip: Civilian casualty figures for the Iraq War are highly contested. The Iraq Body Count project documented over 100,000 deaths from violence, while a controversial Lancet study estimated over 600,000 excess deaths. Be prepared to acknowledge this uncertainty in exam answers.
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