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Edward I's involvement in Scotland began with a diplomatic and legal intervention but escalated into a full-scale war of conquest that would consume the last decade of his reign. This lesson examines the origins of the Scottish crisis, the Great Cause, and Edward's claim to overlordship.
In the late 13th century, Scotland was an independent kingdom with its own king, laws, and institutions. Relations between England and Scotland had been generally peaceful for much of the century.
| Feature | Detail |
|---|---|
| King | Alexander III (reigned 1249–1286) |
| Government | Independent monarchy with its own parliament, laws, and Church |
| Economy | Based on agriculture, fishing, and trade; wool exports were significant |
| Relations with England | Generally peaceful; Alexander III was married to Edward I's sister, Margaret |
| Border | The border between England and Scotland was broadly established along its modern line |
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