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The Industrial Revolution (c1750--1900) was the greatest period of internal and external migration in British history. Millions of people moved from the countryside to the new industrial towns, while immigrants from Ireland, continental Europe, and the empire came to Britain seeking work and refuge.
The most significant migration during the Industrial Revolution was the movement of people from the countryside to the towns and cities.
| Push Factor (leaving rural areas) | Pull Factor (attracting to towns) |
|---|---|
| Enclosure of common land drove small farmers off the land | Factory jobs offered regular wages |
| Agricultural mechanisation reduced the need for farm labour | Towns offered more opportunities (shops, services, entertainment) |
| Rural poverty and lack of opportunity | Growing industries (textiles, iron, coal) needed workers |
| Population growth meant not enough land for everyone | Railways made travel easier from the 1830s onwards |
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