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Transport Layer Security (TLS) is the cryptographic protocol that secures communication over the internet. HTTPS is simply HTTP running over TLS. Together, they protect the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of data exchanged between browsers and servers — and between any two networked systems.
| Version | Year | Status |
|---|---|---|
| SSL 2.0 | 1995 | Broken — deprecated |
| SSL 3.0 | 1996 | Broken (POODLE attack) — deprecated |
| TLS 1.0 | 1999 | Deprecated (2020) |
| TLS 1.1 | 2006 | Deprecated (2020) |
| TLS 1.2 | 2008 | Secure — still widely used |
| TLS 1.3 | 2018 | Current standard — recommended |
Note: "SSL" is still commonly used colloquially, but all modern connections use TLS. SSL is obsolete.
| Property | How TLS Achieves It |
|---|---|
| Confidentiality | Symmetric encryption (AES-GCM, ChaCha20-Poly1305) |
| Integrity | AEAD ciphersuites and HMAC |
| Authentication | Server certificates (X.509); optional client certificates |
| Forward secrecy | Ephemeral key exchange (ECDHE) |
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