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Production Kubernetes clusters must handle variable load, survive infrastructure failures, and control costs. This lesson covers Horizontal Pod Autoscaler (HPA), Vertical Pod Autoscaler (VPA), Cluster Autoscaler, multi-AZ deployments, disaster recovery, and cost optimisation strategies.
| Type | What It Scales | Based On |
|---|---|---|
| HPA | Pod replicas | CPU, memory, custom metrics |
| VPA | Pod resource requests | Historical usage patterns |
| Cluster Autoscaler | Nodes | Pending pods with insufficient resources |
| KEDA | Pod replicas | Event-driven (queues, streams) |
┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Autoscaling Stack │
│ │
│ ┌───────────┐ ┌───────────┐ ┌──────────────────────┐ │
│ │ HPA │ │ VPA │ │ Cluster Autoscaler │ │
│ │ (pods) │ │ (resources)│ │ (nodes) │ │
│ └─────┬─────┘ └─────┬─────┘ └──────────┬───────────┘ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ ▼ ▼ ▼ │
│ ┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │
│ │ Kubernetes Cluster │ │
│ └──────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
HPA automatically adjusts the number of pod replicas based on observed metrics.
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