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The best way to internalise system design principles is to apply them. This lesson walks through four real-world system designs: a URL shortener, a chat system, a news feed, and a notification service. Each follows the framework: requirements, estimation, high-level design, component breakdown, and trade-offs.
Functional:
Non-Functional:
Write QPS = 100M / 86,400 ≈ 1,160 writes/sec
Read QPS = 1B / 86,400 ≈ 11,600 reads/sec
Storage per URL ≈ 500 bytes (short URL + long URL + metadata)
Daily storage = 100M × 500 = 50 GB/day
5-year storage = 50 × 365 × 5 ≈ 91 TB
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