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This lesson examines the key thinkers of conservatism as specified by the Edexcel A-Level Politics syllabus: Burke, Oakeshott, Rand, and Nozick.
The founding father of conservatism. Wrote Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790) in response to the French Revolution.
1. Tradition and the "Partnership Between Generations"
Burke: "Society is a partnership not only between those who are living, but between those who are living, those who are dead, and those who are to be born."
Existing institutions represent the accumulated wisdom of generations and should not be swept away by revolutionaries.
2. Organic Society and Gradual Change
Society is a complex, living whole. Radical change risks destroying the social fabric. Change should be gradual and evolutionary — "change in order to conserve."
3. Pragmatism Over Abstract Theory
Burke was deeply sceptical of abstract principles being applied to politics. Political decisions should be guided by experience and prudence, not ideology.
4. Hierarchy and "Natural Aristocracy"
Society benefits from a "natural aristocracy" of talent, education, and virtue. But hierarchy comes with responsibilities — the privileged must serve the common good.
5. The Dangers of Revolution
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