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This lesson examines how a bill becomes an Act of Parliament — the formal process by which the UK Parliament makes law. Understanding the legislative process is essential for evaluating Parliament's effectiveness as a legislature and the balance of power between the Commons, the Lords, and the Executive.
| Type | Description | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Government bills | Introduced by government ministers; make up the majority of legislation | Finance Act, Education Act |
| Private Members' Bills (PMBs) | Introduced by backbench MPs or peers | Abortion Act 1967; Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013 (started as a government bill but drew on earlier PMB campaigns) |
| Private bills | Affect specific organisations or localities | Crossrail Act 2008 |
| Hybrid bills | Combine public and private bill characteristics | High Speed Rail (West Midlands - Crewe) Act 2021 |
| Delegated (secondary) legislation | Made by ministers under powers granted by primary legislation; includes statutory instruments (SIs) | Thousands per year; often passed without debate |
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