Forgetting: Interference & Retrieval Failure

Why do we forget? The AQA specification focuses on two main explanations: interference theory (which explains forgetting from LTM) and retrieval failure (also known as cue-dependent forgetting). Understanding these theories, the evidence that supports them, and their limitations is essential for exam success.

Key Definition: Forgetting is the inability to recall or recognise information that has been previously learned. It may be due to the information being lost (unavailable) or being temporarily inaccessible (available but not retrievable).

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Interference Theory

Interference theory proposes that forgetting occurs because similar memories compete with and disrupt each other. The more similar the memories, the greater the interference. There are two types:

Proactive Interference (PI)

Key Definition: Proactive interference occurs when old (previously learned) information interferes with the ability to recall new information. The old learning disrupts new learning.

Example: You change your phone password, but you keep entering the old password instead of the new one. The old memory proactively interferes with retrieval of the new one.

Direction: Old → disrupts → New

Retroactive Interference (RI)