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The AQA specification identifies "relationships and processes within schools" as a separate topic, requiring you to bring together and deepen your understanding of internal factors across class, ethnicity, and gender. This lesson consolidates and extends the analysis of labelling, the self-fulfilling prophecy, streaming, pupil subcultures, pupil identities, the hidden curriculum, institutional racism, and the effects of marketisation on in-school processes. You must be able to analyse how these processes interact to produce differential outcomes for different groups of pupils.
Key Definition: In-school processes refer to the interactions, relationships, structures, and institutional practices within educational settings that shape pupils' experiences, identities, and ultimately their educational outcomes.
Labelling theory, rooted in the interactionist tradition, argues that teachers' perceptions and classifications of pupils have a powerful impact on their educational outcomes. The key insight is that labels are not neutral descriptions of pupils' abilities — they are social constructions that reflect teachers' assumptions about social class, ethnicity, and gender.
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