Word Classes

Welcome to the first lesson in your CSSE 11+ Spelling, Grammar & Punctuation course! Understanding word classes is the foundation of grammar. In the CSSE exam, Spelling, Punctuation and Grammar (SPaG) is not tested as a separate paper — it is assessed within the English paper itself. Accurate grammar helps you gain marks in both the comprehension and creative writing sections, so mastering word classes will boost your performance across the board.

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What Are Word Classes?

Every word in the English language belongs to a word class (also called a part of speech). Knowing which class a word belongs to helps you understand how sentences work and how to build them correctly.

There are eight main word classes:

Word Class	What It Does	Example
Noun	Names a person, place, thing, or idea	dog, London, happiness
Verb	Describes an action or state	run, think, is
Adjective	Describes a noun	tall, beautiful, angry
Adverb	Describes a verb, adjective, or another adverb	quickly, very, carefully
Pronoun	Replaces a noun	he, she, it, they
Preposition	Shows position or relationship	on, under, between, after
Conjunction	Joins words, phrases, or clauses	and, but, because, although
Determiner	Introduces a noun	the, a, some, many

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Nouns in Detail

Nouns are naming words. There are four main types you need to know:

Common nouns

These name ordinary, everyday things: table, city, teacher. They do not start with a capital letter.

Proper nouns

These name specific people, places, or things: Emily, France, Tuesday. They always start with a capital letter.

Abstract nouns

These name things you cannot touch or see — feelings, ideas, and qualities: courage, freedom, kindness.

Collective nouns

These name groups: a flock of birds, a team of players, a swarm of bees.

Tip: In the CSSE English paper, you may be asked to identify nouns or choose the best noun in a sentence. Knowing the different types helps you make precise choices in your creative writing too.

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Verbs in Detail

Verbs are doing words or being words. Every sentence must contain at least one verb.

Type	What it does	Examples
Action verbs	Show physical or mental actions	jump, believe, write
Being verbs	Show a state of existence	is, am, are, was, were
Auxiliary (helping) verbs	Support the main verb	have (eaten), will (go), can (swim)
Modal verbs	Show possibility, obligation, or permission	could, should, might, must

Worked Example

Look at this sentence: "The children were playing happily in the garden."

• were = auxiliary (helping) verb
• playing = main verb (action)

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Adjectives and Adverbs

Adjectives describe nouns: "the tall boy", "a delicious cake".

Adverbs describe verbs (and sometimes adjectives or other adverbs): "she sang beautifully", "he ran extremely fast".

Many adverbs end in -ly, but not all: fast, well, never, and always are adverbs too.

Adjective	Adverb form
quick	quickly
careful	carefully
gentle	gently
happy	happily

Common mistake: Writing "He ran quick" instead of "He ran quickly". In the CSSE exam, this kind of error in your creative writing will cost you marks.

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Pronouns

Pronouns replace nouns to avoid repetition.

Instead of: "Sarah picked up Sarah's bag and Sarah left."

Write: "Sarah picked up her bag and she left."

Type	Examples
Personal	I, you, he, she, it, we, they
Possessive	my, your, his, her, its, our, their
Relative	who, which, that, whose

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Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Determiners

Prepositions show where or when something is: "The cat sat on the mat." "We arrived before noon."

Conjunctions join parts of a sentence together:

• Co-ordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS): for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
• Subordinating conjunctions: because, although, when, if, while, until

Determiners come before a noun to introduce it: the book, a pencil, some water, every student.

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Why Word Classes Matter in the CSSE Exam

The CSSE 11+ consists of two papers — English and Maths (there is no separate Verbal Reasoning or Non-Verbal Reasoning paper). Within the English paper, your grammar, spelling, and punctuation are assessed in both the comprehension answers and the creative writing task. Being able to identify and use word classes correctly means you can:

• Write varied and interesting sentences in your creative writing
• Avoid grammatical errors that lose marks
• Understand questions about language choices in the comprehension section

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Practice Tips

1. Read a sentence and label every word — try identifying the noun, verb, adjective, adverb, and conjunction in each sentence you read.
2. Look for patterns — notice how adjectives come before nouns and adverbs often come before or after verbs.
3. Write your own sentences using at least one word from every class.
4. Watch out for words that change class — "light" can be a noun (the light), a verb (light the candle), or an adjective (a light bag).

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Key Vocabulary

Term	Meaning
Word class	A category that a word belongs to based on its job in a sentence
Noun	A naming word for a person, place, thing, or idea
Verb	A word that shows an action or a state of being
Adjective	A word that describes a noun
Adverb	A word that describes a verb, adjective, or another adverb
Conjunction	A word that joins clauses, phrases, or words
Determiner	A word that comes before a noun to introduce it

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