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All electromagnetic (EM) waves are transverse waves consisting of oscillating electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to each other and to the direction of travel. They all travel at the speed of light in a vacuum (c = 3.00 × 10⁸ m s⁻¹) and require no medium for propagation. What distinguishes one type of EM wave from another is its wavelength and frequency — and these determine its properties, uses, and hazards.
Every electromagnetic wave shares the following characteristics:
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