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This lesson covers acids and bases, a fundamental topic in the AQA GCSE Chemistry specification (4.4.2). You need to understand the properties of acids and alkalis, measure pH using indicators and pH meters, write equations for reactions of acids, and understand the role of hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-) in determining acidity and alkalinity. This knowledge is essential for neutralisation, salt preparation, and understanding chemical reactions in everyday life.
An acid is a substance that produces hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water. It is the hydrogen ions that give acids their characteristic properties.
| Acid | Formula | Type | Found in |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hydrochloric acid | HCl | Strong | Stomach acid; laboratory reagent |
| Sulfuric acid | H2SO4 | Strong | Car batteries; industrial manufacture |
| Nitric acid | HNO3 | Strong | Fertiliser manufacture |
| Citric acid | C6H8O7 | Weak | Citrus fruits (lemons, oranges) |
| Ethanoic acid | CH3COOH | Weak | Vinegar |
| Carbonic acid | H2CO3 | Weak | Fizzy drinks (dissolved CO2) |
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