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After Edward I's conquest of Scotland in 1296, Scottish resistance was led by one of the most famous figures in British history — William Wallace. His dramatic rise, his stunning victory at Stirling Bridge, his defeat at Falkirk, and his brutal execution made him a national hero and a symbol of Scottish independence.
After Balliol's surrender, Edward treated Scotland as a conquered territory:
| English Action | Impact on Scotland |
|---|---|
| English officials appointed to govern Scotland | Scottish nobles were sidelined; resentment grew |
| Heavy taxation imposed | Scottish communities were forced to fund English wars |
| English garrisons placed in Scottish castles | A visible symbol of occupation |
| The Stone of Scone taken to England | The most sacred symbol of Scottish kingship was removed |
| Scottish nobles forced to sign the Ragman Rolls | A document acknowledging Edward as their lord — humiliating for the Scottish aristocracy |
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