Characteristics of Addiction

Addiction is a chronic condition characterised by compulsive engagement in a behaviour or substance use despite negative consequences. It involves both physical and psychological dependence and can have devastating effects on individuals, families, and society.

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What is Addiction?

Addiction can involve substance use (e.g. drugs, alcohol, nicotine) or behavioural activities (e.g. gambling, gaming). It is characterised by a loss of control — the person continues the behaviour even though they know it is causing harm.

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Key Characteristics of Addiction

1. Tolerance

Tolerance occurs when a person needs increasingly larger amounts of a substance (or more intense engagement in a behaviour) to achieve the same effect that a smaller amount previously produced.

• Example: A person who initially feels relaxed after one glass of wine may eventually need three glasses to achieve the same feeling
• Tolerance develops because the brain adapts to the substance by reducing the number of receptors or the sensitivity of receptors

2. Withdrawal

Withdrawal refers to the physical and psychological symptoms that occur when a person stops using a substance or engaging in an addictive behaviour.