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The TCP/IP model (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) is the practical protocol suite that powers the Internet. Unlike the theoretical OSI model, TCP/IP was designed by implementation — it grew out of real-world networking needs and is the foundation of all modern network communication.
| TCP/IP Layer | OSI Layers | Key Protocols |
|---|---|---|
| Application | Application, Presentation, Session | HTTP, HTTPS, DNS, SMTP, FTP, SSH |
| Transport | Transport | TCP, UDP |
| Internet | Network | IP (v4/v6), ICMP, ARP |
| Network Access | Data Link, Physical | Ethernet, Wi-Fi, PPP |
The TCP/IP model is simpler (4 layers vs 7) and maps directly to the protocols in use today.
IP is the workhorse of the Internet layer. It handles addressing and routing packets from source to destination.
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