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This final lesson brings together everything you have learned and shows how statistics is applied in real-world settings. We explore study design, common applications, ethical considerations, and best practices for communicating results.
| Type | Description | Can Establish Causation? |
|---|---|---|
| Observational study | Researchers observe without intervening | No — only associations |
| Experiment | Researchers apply treatments and measure responses | Yes — with proper controls |
| Principle | Description |
|---|---|
| Control | Compare treatment group to a control group |
| Randomisation | Randomly assign subjects to groups to reduce bias |
| Replication | Use enough subjects to detect meaningful effects |
| Blinding | Subjects (single-blind) or subjects and researchers (double-blind) do not know who receives the treatment |
In medical and psychological research, the placebo effect can cause improvement simply because participants believe they are receiving treatment. Using a placebo control group accounts for this.
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