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These four verbs are among the most essential in French. They express ability, desire, obligation, and knowledge — concepts you need in virtually every conversation. All four are irregular and share a similar "boot verb" conjugation pattern.
| Subject | Conjugation | Pronunciation |
|---|---|---|
| je | peux | "puh" |
| tu | peux | "puh" |
| il/elle/on | peut | "puh" |
| nous | pouvons | "poo-VOHN" |
| vous | pouvez | "poo-VAY" |
| ils/elles | peuvent | "puhv" |
Note: In very formal or inverted questions, je peux can become puis-je : Puis-je vous aider ? (May I help you?)
Pouvoir + infinitive = to be able to / can:
Polite requests:
| Subject | Conjugation | Pronunciation |
|---|---|---|
| je | veux | "vuh" |
| tu | veux | "vuh" |
| il/elle/on | veut | "vuh" |
| nous | voulons | "voo-LOHN" |
| vous | voulez | "voo-LAY" |
| ils/elles | veulent | "vuhl" |
1. Wanting something (vouloir + noun):
2. Wanting to do something (vouloir + infinitive):
3. The polite form — Je voudrais (I would like): In polite conversation, je voudrais (conditional form) replaces je veux, which can sound blunt or demanding.
Tip: Voulez-vous...? is the standard polite way to ask "Do you want...?" or "Would you like...?"
| Subject | Conjugation | Pronunciation |
|---|---|---|
| je | dois | "dwah" |
| tu | dois | "dwah" |
| il/elle/on | doit | "dwah" |
| nous | devons | "duh-VOHN" |
| vous | devez | "duh-VAY" |
| ils/elles | doivent | "dwahv" |
1. Obligation (devoir + infinitive = must / have to):
2. Probability/supposition (devoir + infinitive = must / probably):
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