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The passive voice is an important grammatical structure in French that allows you to shift the focus of a sentence from the person performing the action to the person or thing receiving it. Mastering the passive voice is essential for reading French newspapers, understanding formal texts, and expressing yourself with greater sophistication.
In an active sentence, the subject performs the action. In a passive sentence, the subject receives the action:
| Voice | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Active | Subject + verb + object | Le chat mange la souris. (The cat eats the mouse.) |
| Passive | Subject + être + past participle + par + agent | La souris est mangée par le chat. (The mouse is eaten by the cat.) |
In the passive version:
The French passive is formed with:
Subject + être (conjugated) + past participle (agreeing with subject) + par + agent
The tense of être determines the tense of the passive sentence:
| Tense | Être Form | Passive Example |
|---|---|---|
| Present | est | Le livre est lu par les étudiants. (The book is read by the students.) |
| Imperfect | était | Le livre était lu par les étudiants. (The book was being read.) |
| Passé composé | a été | Le livre a été lu par les étudiants. (The book was read / has been read.) |
| Future | sera | Le livre sera lu par les étudiants. (The book will be read.) |
| Conditional | serait | Le livre serait lu par les étudiants. (The book would be read.) |
| Plus-que-parfait | avait été | Le livre avait été lu par les étudiants. (The book had been read.) |
In the passive voice, the past participle always agrees in gender and number with the subject:
| Subject | Past Participle | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Masculine singular | -é / -i / -u / -t / -s | Le gâteau est mangé. |
| Feminine singular | -ée / -ie / -ue / -te / -se | La tarte est mangée. |
| Masculine plural | -és / -is / -us / -ts | Les gâteaux sont mangés. |
| Feminine plural | -ées / -ies / -ues / -tes / -ses | Les tartes sont mangées. |
The agent — the person or thing performing the action — is introduced by par (by):
The agent can be omitted when it is unknown, unimportant, or obvious:
In some cases, de replaces par as the agent preposition. This happens with certain verbs expressing feelings, states, or descriptions:
| With par (action) | With de (state/feeling) |
|---|---|
| La maison est construite par un architecte. | La maison est entourée de arbres. |
| L'enfant a été puni par ses parents. | Il est aimé de tout le monde. |
| Le voleur a été arrêté par la police. | Elle est accompagnée de son mari. |
Common verbs that use de instead of par:
Here is a complete overview using the verb inviter (to invite) with the subject Marie:
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