How Georgian Writing Works

The Georgian script, known as Mkhedruli (მხედრული), is one of the most distinctive and beautiful writing systems in the world. In 2016, UNESCO inscribed the three Georgian scripts on its list of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity — making Georgia one of the few nations whose entire writing tradition holds this honour.

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A Brief History

Georgian has produced three distinct scripts over its long history:

Script	Georgian Name	Period	Use Today
Asomtavruli	ასომთავრული	~5th century CE	Church inscriptions, decorative use
Nuskhuri	ნუსხური	~9th century CE	Religious manuscripts
Mkhedruli	მხედრული	~11th century CE	Modern everyday writing

• Asomtavruli (meaning "capital letters") was the original Georgian script, with rounded, monumental letterforms carved into stone churches and manuscripts
• Nuskhuri (meaning "minuscule") developed as a faster cursive for scribes copying religious texts
• Mkhedruli (meaning "cavalry" or "warrior") emerged as a secular script and gradually replaced both older forms for daily use

Cultural Note: Georgian is one of only 14 scripts in the world that have their own unique alphabet — it is not derived from Latin, Greek, Cyrillic, or Arabic. Its exact origins remain debated, but tradition credits King Pharnavaz I (~3rd century BCE).

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Key Features of Mkhedruli

Understanding what makes Georgian unique will help you learn it faster:

1. No Uppercase or Lowercase

Unlike Latin or Cyrillic scripts, Mkhedruli has no case distinction. There is only one form for each letter. This simplifies learning considerably — you only need to learn 33 shapes.

2. Perfectly Phonetic

Georgian spelling is almost entirely phonetic — each letter represents exactly one sound, and each sound is represented by exactly one letter. There are no silent letters, no digraphs (like English "sh" or "th"), and no ambiguous pronunciations.

English:  "through" — 7 letters, 3 sounds
Georgian: "გზა" (gza, road) — 3 letters, 3 sounds

3. 33 Letters

The modern Mkhedruli alphabet has exactly 33 letters: 5 vowels and 28 consonants. This is larger than English's 26 but smaller than many scripts.

4. Written Left to Right

Like English, Georgian is written left to right, top to bottom. This makes reading Georgian text familiar in its directionality.

5. Unique Letterforms

Georgian letters have a flowing, rounded appearance with many curves and loops. Some key visual features:

• Letters sit on a baseline but many extend below it (like "g" or "p" in English)
• Some letters extend above the main body (like "b" or "d" in English)
• The x-height (the main body of most letters) is consistent

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The 33 Letters at a Glance

Here is the complete modern Mkhedruli alphabet:

#	Letter	Name	Sound
1	ა	Ani	a
2	ბ	Bani	b
3	გ	Gani	g
4	დ	Doni	d
5	ე	Eni	e
6	ვ	Vini	v
7	ზ	Zeni	z
8	თ	Tani	t (aspirated)
9	ი	Ini	i
10	კ	Kani	k (ejective)
11	ლ	Lasi	l
12	მ	Mani	m
13	ნ	Nari	n
14	ო	Oni	o
15	პ	Pari	p (ejective)
16	ჟ	Zhani	zh
17	რ	Rae	r
18	ს	Sani	s
19	ტ	Tari	t (ejective)
20	უ	Uni	u
21	ფ	Pari	p (aspirated)
22	ქ	Kani	k (aspirated)
23	ღ	Ghani	gh
24	ყ	Qari	q (ejective)
25	შ	Shini	sh
26	ჩ	Chini	ch (aspirated)
27	ც	Tsani	ts (aspirated)
28	ძ	Dzili	dz
29	წ	Tsili	ts (ejective)
30	ჭ	Chari	ch (ejective)
31	ხ	Khani	kh
32	ჯ	Jani	j
33	ჰ	Hae	h

Tip: Do not try to memorise all 33 at once. We will break them into manageable groups over the next lessons — starting with the 5 vowels, then consonants in logical groups.

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How Georgian Sounds Work

Georgian phonology has some features rarely found in European languages:

Three-Way Consonant Distinction

For many consonant positions (stops and affricates), Georgian distinguishes three variants rather than the usual two:

Type	Description	Example
Voiced	Vocal cords vibrate	ბ (b), დ (d), გ (g)
Aspirated	Strong puff of air	თ (t), ფ (p), ქ (k)
Ejective	Glottal closure + release	ტ (t'), პ (p'), კ (k')

This three-way distinction is one of the most challenging aspects for English speakers, but mastering it is essential for being understood.

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Writing Direction and Spacing

Georgian text follows these conventions:

• Direction: Left to right
• Word spacing: Spaces separate words (like English)
• No capitals: Sentence beginnings are not visually marked by case change
• Punctuation: Georgian uses standard European punctuation (period, comma, exclamation mark, question mark)

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Summary

Georgian Mkhedruli is a unique, phonetic alphabet of 33 letters with no uppercase/lowercase distinction. Its three historical scripts (Asomtavruli, Nuskhuri, and Mkhedruli) are collectively a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. The script is perfectly phonetic — each letter maps to exactly one sound — making it one of the most learner-friendly writing systems despite its unfamiliar appearance. In the next lesson, we will begin with the five Georgian vowels.