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The Plusquamperfekt (past perfect or pluperfect) describes an action that happened before another past action. It is the German equivalent of English "I had done" or "she had gone." If you want to express that one event in the past preceded another, the Plusquamperfekt is the tense you need.
The Plusquamperfekt is formed with:
Präteritum of haben or sein + past participle
It looks exactly like the Perfekt, but instead of using the present tense of haben/sein, you use the Präteritum (hatte/war).
| Tense | Auxiliary | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Perfekt | habe/bin (present) | Ich habe das Buch gelesen. |
| Plusquamperfekt | hatte/war (Präteritum) | Ich hatte das Buch gelesen. |
Use hatte + past participle when the Perfekt would use haben:
| Person | Conjugation |
|---|---|
| ich | hatte ... gemacht |
| du | hattest ... gemacht |
| er / sie / es | hatte ... gemacht |
| wir | hatten ... gemacht |
| ihr | hattet ... gemacht |
| sie / Sie | hatten ... gemacht |
Use war + past participle when the Perfekt would use sein:
| Person | Conjugation |
|---|---|
| ich | war ... gegangen |
| du | warst ... gegangen |
| er / sie / es | war ... gegangen |
| wir | waren ... gegangen |
| ihr | wart ... gegangen |
| sie / Sie | waren ... gegangen |
The most common use. The earlier action is in the Plusquamperfekt, the later action is in the Präteritum or Perfekt:
Nachdem ich gegessen hatte, ging ich spazieren.
After I had eaten, I went for a walk.
Als er ankam, waren wir schon gegangen.
When he arrived, we had already left.
Sie hatte den Film schon gesehen, bevor ich ihn ihr empfahl.
She had already seen the film before I recommended it to her.
Nachdem almost always triggers the Plusquamperfekt in the nachdem-clause:
Nachdem er die Prüfung bestanden hatte, feierte er.
After he had passed the exam, he celebrated.
Nachdem wir angekommen waren, gingen wir ins Hotel.
After we had arrived, we went to the hotel.
Nachdem sie das Buch gelesen hatte, gab sie es mir.
After she had read the book, she gave it to me.
When describing what had already happened before something else:
When setting up a sequence of past events:
These time words often signal the Plusquamperfekt:
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