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While most Italian verbs form the passato prossimo with avere, an important group uses essere instead. These are mainly intransitive verbs — particularly verbs of motion, change of state, and remaining. The critical difference is that when you use essere, the past participle must agree in gender and number with the subject.
The formula is:
subject + present tense of essere + past participle (agreeing with subject)
| Person | Essere |
|---|---|
| io | sono |
| tu | sei |
| lui / lei / Lei | è |
| noi | siamo |
| voi | siete |
| loro | sono |
When the auxiliary is essere, the past participle must agree with the subject in gender and number:
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