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One of the trickiest parts of Italian grammar is the agreement rule: when a direct object pronoun comes before the verb in the passato prossimo (with avere), the past participle must agree in gender and number with the pronoun.
The passato prossimo is formed with an auxiliary verb (avere or essere) + past participle:
| Auxiliary | Example | English |
|---|---|---|
| avere | Ho mangiato. | I ate. / I have eaten. |
| essere | Sono andato/a. | I went. / I have gone. |
Normally, with avere the past participle does not change: Ho mangiato la pizza. Ho mangiato il panino. (same ending: -o)
But when a direct object pronoun comes before the verb, the participle must agree.
When lo, la, li, le (or combined pronouns containing them) precede avere + past participle, the participle ending changes to match:
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