Making Nouns Plural

Once you know a noun's gender, the next step is learning how to make it plural. Spanish pluralisation follows clear rules based on the ending of the word, but there are a few important patterns and exceptions to be aware of.

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The Two Main Rules

Rule 1: Nouns Ending in a Vowel — Add -s

If a noun ends in an unstressed vowel (a, e, i, o, u), simply add -s.

Singular	Plural	Meaning
el libro	los libros	the book(s)
la casa	las casas	the house(s)
el estudiante	los estudiantes	the student(s)
la noche	las noches	the night(s)
el coche	los coches	the car(s)
la madre	las madres	the mother(s)

Rule 2: Nouns Ending in a Consonant — Add -es

If a noun ends in a consonant (including -l, -r, -n, -d, -s, -z, -j), add -es.