Present Tense Review

Congratulations on completing this course on Spanish present tense verbs! This final lesson brings everything together with comprehensive review tables, a summary of all patterns, common mistakes to avoid, and strategies for continued practice.

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Overview: What We Have Covered

Over the previous nine lessons, you have learned:

1. Regular -AR conjugation — the largest verb group
2. Regular -ER conjugation — the second group
3. Regular -IR conjugation — the third group (nearly identical to -ER)
4. Stem-changing verbs — E→IE, O→UE, and E→I ("boot verbs")
5. Irregular "go" verbs: tener and venir — -go ending + stem change
6. Highly irregular verbs: ir and dar — completely unique forms
7. More "go" verbs: hacer, poner, salir — plus traer, decir, oir
8. Reflexive verbs — actions performed on oneself
9. Gustar and similar verbs — the "backwards" construction

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Master Summary: Regular Endings

Subject	-AR	-ER	-IR
yo	-o	-o	-o
tu	-as	-es	-es
el/ella/usted	-a	-e	-e
nosotros/as	-amos	-emos	-imos
vosotros/as	-ais	-eis	-is
ellos/ellas/ustedes	-an	-en	-en

Key observations:

• The yo form is always -o for all three groups
• -ER and -IR are identical except in nosotros and vosotros
• -AR uses the vowel a, while -ER/-IR use e (except where they differ)

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Master Summary: Stem-Changing Verbs

Type	Change	Boot Forms	nosotros/vosotros	Example
E → IE	e becomes ie	yo, tu, el/ella, ellos/ellas	No change	pensar → pienso / pensamos
O → UE	o becomes ue	yo, tu, el/ella, ellos/ellas	No change	poder → puedo / podemos
E → I	e becomes i	yo, tu, el/ella, ellos/ellas	No change	pedir → pido / pedimos
U → UE	u becomes ue	yo, tu, el/ella, ellos/ellas	No change	jugar → juego / jugamos

Remember: Stem changes occur in all persons EXCEPT nosotros and vosotros. The endings remain regular.

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Master Summary: Key Irregular Verbs

The "Go" Verbs (yo form ends in -go)

Infinitive	yo	tu	el/ella	nosotros	vosotros	ellos/ellas
tener	tengo	tienes	tiene	tenemos	teneis	tienen
venir	vengo	vienes	viene	venimos	venis	vienen
hacer	hago	haces	hace	hacemos	haceis	hacen
poner	pongo	pones	pone	ponemos	poneis	ponen
salir	salgo	sales	sale	salimos	salis	salen
traer	traigo	traes	trae	traemos	traeis	traen
decir	digo	dices	dice	decimos	decis	dicen
oir	oigo	oyes	oye	oimos	ois	oyen

Completely Irregular Verbs

Infinitive	yo	tu	el/ella	nosotros	vosotros	ellos/ellas
ir	voy	vas	va	vamos	vais	van
dar	doy	das	da	damos	dais	dan
ser	soy	eres	es	somos	sois	son
estar	estoy	estas	esta	estamos	estais	estan
saber	se	sabes	sabe	sabemos	sabeis	saben
haber	he	has	ha	hemos	habeis	han

Note: Ser, estar, saber, and haber were not covered in detail in this course as they deserve their own dedicated lessons, but they are included here for completeness.

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Reflexive Verbs: Quick Reference

Component	Details
Pronouns	me, te, se, nos, os, se
Placement	Before the conjugated verb
With infinitive	Before first verb OR attached to infinitive
Body parts	Use definite article, not possessive
Reciprocal	Plural pronouns can mean "each other"

Example conjugation — levantarse (to get up):

Subject	Conjugation
yo	me levanto
tu	te levantas
el/ella/usted	se levanta
nosotros/as	nos levantamos
vosotros/as	os levantais
ellos/ellas/ustedes	se levantan

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Gustar Pattern: Quick Reference

(A + person) + indirect object pronoun + gusta/gustan + subject

Pronoun	With singular/infinitive	With plural
me	Me gusta el cafe.	Me gustan los gatos.
te	Te gusta nadar.	Te gustan las flores.
le	Le gusta la musica.	Le gustan los libros.
nos	Nos gusta viajar.	Nos gustan las peliculas.
os	Os gusta el arte.	Os gustan los deportes.
les	Les gusta bailar.	Les gustan los animales.

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The 10 Most Common Mistakes (and How to Fix Them)

1. Forgetting to Drop the Infinitive Ending

• Wrong: hablar + o = hablaro
• Right: habl + o = hablo