6 exam-style questions with full mark schemes and model answers. Write your own answer and the AI examiner marks it against the mark scheme.
Learn this properly: First, Second and Third Class LeversA gymnast performs a standing calf raise, rising up onto the balls of both feet (plantarflexion at the ankle). This movement uses a second class lever.
Analyse the second class lever operating at the ankle during the calf raise. In your answer, identify the fulcrum, load and effort, explain how they are arranged, and explain why a second class lever gives the gymnast a mechanical advantage for this movement. (6 marks)
The table below lists three sporting actions. For each, the plane and axis of movement need to be identified.
| Action | Plane | Axis |
|---|---|---|
| A front somersault in trampolining | (i) | (ii) |
| A full pirouette (spin) in dance | (iii) | (iv) |
(a) Complete the table by naming the correct plane and axis for each action ((i) to (iv)). (4 marks)
A performer flexes their arm at the elbow during a biceps curl. Muscles work in antagonistic pairs to produce this movement.
(a) Name the agonist (prime mover) and the antagonist at the elbow during the upward (flexion) phase of the curl. (2 marks)
(b) Explain what is meant by the term antagonist in a muscle pair. (1 mark)
A netball player performs a lateral raise, lifting both arms straight out to the sides until they are level with the shoulders.
(a) Name the joint action occurring at the shoulder as the arms are raised out to the side. (1 mark)
(b) Name the plane and the axis in which this lateral raise takes place. (2 marks)
A footballer kicks a ball, straightening the leg at the knee to strike it. This action uses a third class lever.
(a) State which component (fulcrum, load or effort) lies in the middle of a third class lever. (1 mark)
(b) State one characteristic that third class levers give to sporting movements such as kicking. (1 mark)
In a lever system, what name is given to the fixed point (the joint) about which the lever rotates? (1 mark)